(2009) identified criteria for defining a practice as meditation 'for use in a comprehensive systematic review of the therapeutic use of meditation', using 'a 5-round Delphi study with a panel of 7 experts in meditation research' who were also trained in diverse but empirically highly studied (Eastern-derived or clinical) forms of meditation : Many of these emphasize the role of attention and characterize the practice of meditation as attempts to get beyond the reflexive, 'discursive thinking' or 'logic' mind to achieve a deeper, more devout, or more relaxed state.Д«ond et al. In modern psychological research, meditation has been defined and characterized in a variety of ways.

:вЂЉ135 Dictionary definitions Дictionaries give both the original Latin meaning of 'think deeply about (something)' as well as the popular usage of 'focusing one's mind for a period of time', 'the act of giving your attention to only one thing, either as a religious activity or as a way of becoming calm and relaxed', and 'to engage in mental exercise (such as concentrating on one's breathing or repetition of a mantra) for the purpose of reaching a heightened level of spiritual awareness.' Scholarly definitions In 1971, Claudio Naranjo noted that 'The word 'meditation' has been used to designate a variety of practices that differ enough from one another so that we may find trouble in defining what meditation is.' :вЂЉ6 A 2009 study noted a 'persistent lack of consensus in the literature' and a 'seeming intractability of defining meditation'. There remains no definition of necessary and sufficient criteria for meditation that has achieved universal or widespread acceptance within the modern scientific community. These can include almost anything that is claimed to train the attention of mind or to teach calm or compassion. In popular usage, the word 'meditation' and the phrase 'meditative practice' are often used imprecisely to designate practices found across many cultures. Meditation has proven difficult to define as it covers a wide range of dissimilar practices in different traditions.

The term 'meditation' in English may also refer to practices from Islamic Sufism, or other traditions such as Jewish Kabbalah and Christian Hesychasm. In the Catholic tradition, the use of the term meditatio as part of a formal, stepwise process of meditation goes back to at least the 12th century monk Guigo II, before which the Greek word Theoria was used for the same purpose.ДЄpart from its historical usage, the term meditation was introduced as a translation for Eastern spiritual practices, referred to as dhyДЃna in Hinduism and Buddhism and which comes from the Sanskrit root dhyai, meaning to contemplate or meditate. The English meditation is derived from Old French meditacioun, in turn from Latin meditatio from a verb meditari, meaning 'to think, contemplate, devise, ponder'. 2.3 Separation of technique from tradition.Research is ongoing to better understand the effects of meditation on health ( psychological, neurological, and cardiovascular) and other areas. Meditation may significantly reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and pain, and enhance peace, perception, self-concept, and well-being.

Since the 19th century, Asian meditative techniques have spread to other cultures where they have also found application in non-spiritual contexts, such as business and health. The earliest records of meditation ( dhyana) are found in the ancient Vedic texts known as the Vedas, and meditation plays a salient role in the contemplative repertoire of Hinduism and Buddhism. Meditation is practiced in numerous religious traditions. Meditation is a practice where an individual uses a technique вЂ“ such as mindfulness, or focusing the mind on a particular object, thought, or activity вЂ“ to train attention and awareness, and achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state. It has been suggested that Guided meditation be merged into this article.

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